• The World Health Organization (WHO), the American Thoracic Society, the European Respiratory Society and Alpha-1 Canada recommend that everyone with COPD be tested for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
  • everyone with emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis or asthma that is not fully responsive to treatment
  • individuals with bronchiectasis
  • newborns, children and adults with unexplained liver disease
  • individuals with a family history of liver disease
  • blood relatives of persons diagnosed with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
  • anyone with panniculitis, a skin disease